I 



niversity ol the State of Hew York Bulletin 

Entered as second-class matter August 2, 1913, at the Post OflBce at Albany, N. Y., 
under the act of August 24, 1912 

Published fortnightly 



No. 615 ALBANY, N. Y. May 15, 1916 

Visual Instruction Division 
List 35 

SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 

FLORIDA 

LIST OF TOPICS NO. OF TITLES PAGE 

Maps 2 5 

Physical features: The Big Cypress swamp, The Everglades 8 5 

Types of land: hammock, pine, and prairie 4 6 

Formation of new lands: Beach vines. Mangroves, Coquina 5 7 

Fauna: Birds, Fish, Insects, Mammals, Reptiles 45 8 

Flora 36 14 

Biscayne bay i 16 

Duval II 16 

Indian river 2 16 

Jacksonville and vicinity 16 16 

Key West 13 17 

Miami 5 18 

Ocklawaha river i 18 

Okeechobee, Lake i 19 

Orlando 2 19 

Ormond i 19 

Palatka i 19 

Palm Beach 8 19 

St Augustine 25 20 

Sanford 5 22 

Tampa 8 22 

People: Negroes, Seminoles 12 22 

Sports 64 24 

Commercial products: Bananas, Coconuts, Cotton, Grapefruit, 

Oranges, Phosphate, Pineapples, Sponges, Sugar, Tobacco 33 25 

Truck gardening: Celery 4 29 

Turpentine industry 11 30 

Total less duplicates 195 



V4ir-Ni5-3000 (7-12618) 



^lflWl»g'0*Ill! 



niversity of the State ol New York Bulletin 

Entered as second-class matter August 2, 19 13, at the Post OflSce at Albany, N. Y., 
under the act of August 24, 1912 

Published fortnightly 

No. 615 ALBANY, N. Y. May 15, 1916 

Visual Instruction Division 
List 35 

SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 

FLORIDA 

LIST OF TOPICS NO. OF TITLES PAGE 

Maps 2 5 

Physical features : The Big Cypress swamp, The Everglades 8 5 

Types of land: hammock, pine, and prairie 4 6 

Formation of new lands: Beach vines, Mangroves, Coquina 5 7 

Fauna: Birds, Fish, Insects, Mammals, Reptiles 45 8 

Flora 36 14 

Biscayne bay i 16 

Duval II 16 

Indian river 2 16 

Jacksonville and vicinity 16 16 

Key West 13 17 

Miami 5 18 

Ocklawaha river i 18 

Okeechobee, Lake i 19 

Orlando 2 19 

Ormond i 19 

Palatka i 19 

Palm Beach 8 19 

St Augustine 25 20 

Sanford 5 22 

Tampa 8 22 

People: Negroes, Seminoles 12 22 

Sports 64 24 

Commercial products: Bananas, Coconuts, Cotton, Grapefruit, 

Oranges, Phosphate, Pineapples, Sponges, Sugar, Tobacco 33 25 

Truck gardening: Celery 4 29 

Turpentine industry 11 30 

Total less duplicates 195 

V4ir-Nis-3000 (7-12618) 






0. of D. 
MAY 18 1916 



CO 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

Florida, as a whole, is unlike any other part of the United States.- 
It possesses many pecuHar and interesting features. The most 
characteristic and important of these features are well illustrated 
by the pictures herein listed. 

A class in geography instructed through the judicious and in- 
telHgent use of these pictures can not fail to have a clear, vivid 
and lasting impression of the state — its physical aspects, its animal 
and vegetable life, its commercial resources, and the life of its per- 
manent and transient population. 

The collection affords aids not only for a study of this particular 
geographical area, but also of many types of geographical phenomena. 
The Hst is exceptionally complete and well balanced. 

The ordinary condensed, verbal statements of the geographies 
can give no such vivid, significant mental picture of this very in- 
teresting part of our country as is to be acquired by such a col- 
lection of carefully selected pictures properly used. 

Because of the unique character of the state, it is recommended 
that considerable time be devoted in the classroom to the use of 
these pictures. Assign topics to be studied from the textbook, 
books of reference and periodical Hterature. Get carefully pre- 
pared reports from individual pupils on topics previously assigned. 
Let members of the class describe and explain the groups of pictures. 
Such an exercise is a training in observation, in the use of the library 
and in expression. No lecture by the teacher can be compared in 
real educational results with what is to be gained by such a study 
in which the pupils themselves take an active part. 

Many residents of New York visit Florida each year. They, too, 
will find, it is hoped, in this collection real satisfaction and an 
opportunity to convey to their associates at home some impressions 
of their visit. These slides on Florida are, in other words, well 
adapted to lecture use as well as for classroom instruction. 

In preparing the collection we have been especially fortunate 
in securing the use of a large number of negatives made by Mr A. W. 
Dimock of Peekamose, N. Y., and his son, Mr Julian A. Dimock, dur- 
ing their frequent and extended visits in Florida. Such pictures as 
those of tarpon fishing, the Seminole Indians, the Everglades, alli- 
gators and crocodiles herein listed are not readily obtained. The 
ones used in this collection have been selected from many hundreds 
made during a period of years. They could be matched, if at all, 
only by much labor and expense. Borrowers ma}^ find many delight- 
ful descriptions and accounts of Florida experiences in the pub- 
lications of Mr Dimock and his son and thus be placed under further 
obligation to them. 

A. W. Abrams 
Chief, Visual Instruction Division 

Albany, N. Y., October 20, igij 



Bibliography 

Books 

American Anthropologist, v. 15. Published for The American Anthropological 

Association. New Era Printing Company, 1913. Notes on the Florida 

Seminole, by Alanson Skinner 
Dimock, A. W. The Book of the Tarpon. Outing Publishing Company. 191 1 
Florida Enchantments. PubHshed by the author, Peekamose, 

N. Y. 1915 
Gibson, Henry H. American Forest Trees. Hardwood Record. 19 13 
McMurry, Charles A. Type Studies from United States Geography. The 

Macmillan Company. 1910 
Packard, Winthrop. Florida Trails. Small, Maynard and Company. 1910 
Rhodes, Harrison & Dumont, Mary Wolfe. A Guide to Florida. Dodd, Mead 

and Company. 19 12 
Toothaker, Charles R. Commercial Raw Materials. Ginn & Company. 1905 
United States Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Fisheries, Bulletin, 

V. 28, pt. I. 1908. The Commercial Sponges and the Sponge Fisheries, by 

H. F. Moore 

Periodicals 

Cassier's Magazine, March 191 1, p. 418-32. Reclaiming the Everglades, by 

Day Allen Willey 
Century Magazine, February 1905, p. 512-27. The Everglades of Florida, by 

Edwin Asa Dix and John Nowry MacGonigle 
Mimsey's Magazine, February 1909, p. 587-604. The New Florida, by Herbert 

N. Casson 
Outing Magazine, January 1909, p. 397-412. On to Marco Pass, by A. W. 

Dimock 
March 1908, p. 699-703. The Maligned Everglades, by William 

Todd 
Travel, June 1914, p. 9-13. Where the Tarpon Leaps, by Julian A. Dimock. 

Includes account of catching sawfish. 



LIST OF SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 
Maps 

Call no. 

JA L2 Map Showing Location of French and Spanish Settlements in Florida 

and South Carolina. Prepared by the Visual Instruction Division. 
(1911) 
Of historical interest, especially in connection with the views of 
St Augustine. 

Df 3 Map of Florida Showing County Lines, Rivers, Cities, etc. Pre- 
pared by the Visual Instruction Division. (191 5) 

Physical features 

a The Big Cypress swamp 

The Big C3^press swamp lies west of the Everglades, covering 
an area of from seven to eight hundred square miles. Here are 
to be found many varieties of wild flowers, stretches of clear water, 
swamps covered with dense undergrowth, trees of ash, palmetto, 
maple, water and live oaks and cypress draped with Spanish moss. 
It affords shelter for most of the kinds of game found in Florida. 

Df A15 A Stand of Cypress Trees (Taxodium distichum); Spanish Moss. 

Big Cypress swamp. (1914) 

The swamp, or " bald," cypress grows under favorable conditions 
to a height of from 75 to 140 feet, with a trunk 3 to 6 feet in diameter. 
The wood is soft, Hght and straight-grained. Its durability in 
contact with the soil makes it useful for railway ties, posts, fencing 
etc. and its popularit}^ in building construction is increasing. The 
swampy nature of the soil in the Big Cypress swamp makes cypress , 
lumbering in it difficult, but this timber area is of considerable 
commercial importance. See Df X93, p. 15, for view within a 
cypress swamp near Miami. 

h The Everglades 

The Everglades lie south of Lake Okeechobee, covering an area 
of about 5000 square miles. They are really a shallow, fresh-water 
lake lying in a vast basin of coral and limestone and supplied by 
subterranean springs, rainfall and the overflow of Lake Okeechobee. 
On an irregular floor lies an accumulation of sand, alluvial deposits 
and decomposed vegetable matter. Where the floor comes above 
the water level small islands, or hum.mocks, are formed, some of 
which are covered with pine, palmetto and various tropical vines 
and bushes. The surface of the shallow water is covered almost 
uniformly with saw grass, 8 to 10 feet high, intersected by winding 
channels. Through breaks in the rim of the basin the water finds 
an outlet through the Miami, the Caloosahatchee and other rivers. 

The drainage of the Everglades is one of the very large reclamation 
projects of the world today. By lowering the level of Lake Okeecho- 
bee to prevent the overflowing of its banks and by building canals 



to carry off the local rainfall, it is estimated that a rich tract of 
3,000,000 or more acres (the equivalent of about one-tenth of New- 
York State or one-third of the Netherlands) will be made available 
for agriculture. 

Call no. 

Df A3 The Everglades: Extent of Level Country, Covered Largely with 

Water, Saw Grass and Clumps of Trees; Two Men in Canoe. 
Near West Palm Beach. From negative in collection of A. W. 
and Julian A. Dimock. (1906) 

The canoe is the craft in commonest use in making a way through 
the grass, which chokes even the channels for much of the year. Note 
the beautiful cloud effect. 

Df A34 The Everglades: Trail of Osceola; Saw Grass, Water, Several Small 

Islands with Palms. From negative in collection of A. W. and 
Juhan A. Dimock. (1907) 

These islands, or hummocks, the saw grass and partially concealed 
water are characteristic features of the Everglades. 

Df A38 Head of the Miami River, in the Everglades. (About 1908) 

The surface of the Everglades just south of Lake Okeechobee 
is 21 feet above sea level. The water is not stagnant. This view 
is a good illustration of the natural drainage of the Everglades. 
See general note. 

Df A4 Sunset on the Everglades. Near West Palm Beach. (1914; 

Df A44 A Dredge at Work in the Everglades. Near Miami. (19 10) 

Powerful dredges are employed in excavating canals and deepening 
the rivers. These often cut their own channels. They are mounted 
on floating barges on which are provided living quarters for the 
workmen. 

Note the coral rock throw^n out. Such rock underlies much of 
the muck soil of the Everglades. 

Df A48 Drainage Canal in the Everglades; a Lock. Near Miami. (191 4) 

Several canals connecting Lake Okeechobee with tidewater are 
under construction. They are about 10 feet deep and from 50 to 
75 feet wide at the lake', increasing in width toward the mouth. 
There are locks and dams to control the flow of water. The canals 
will afford drainage and transportation for boats and barges. 

When the lake is lowered it will serve as a reservoir, covering 
about 500,000 acres. In the dry season the water will be let into 
the canals through sluices and there held at the elevation best suited 
to the needs of crops. 

Types of land 

The soil of Florida is composed chiefly of sand, muck and humus, 
lying on a substratum of limestone. Pinelands cover nearly half 
of the state. Where the soil is deeper and contains a larger per- 
centage of humus it is called hammock land. Here the hardwood 



vegetation is denser and more varied. The swamp areas of the 
eastern and southern parts have the richest soil and, when drained, 
become valuable farm lands. Stretching northward from the 
Everglades and broken here and there by pine or hammock " islands," 
are prairies, low, sandy areas covered with coarse grass. 

Call no. 

Df A5 Pinelands Covered with Palmetto Scrub {Serenoa serrulata) and 

Pine Trees (Pinus palustris). Near Palatka. (1914) 

The saw palmetto is the common dwarf palmetto of southern 
United States; it is so called from teeth, or spines, of its leafstalks. 
It covers large areas in Florida where it is known as palmetto scrub. 
The fruit is edible and the leaves are used for various purposes. 
Such land is being cleared for cultivation. See also Df X28, p. 24. 

Df A6 Tract of Grass-covered Prairie Land; Sunset. Monticello. From 

negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (1905) 

The monotony of stretches of level country is often relieved by 
beautiful sunset and moonlight effects. 

Df A7 Prairie Fire. Broad bay. From negative in collection of A. W. 

and Julian A. Dimock. (1906) 

Hunters sometimes start such a fire. Deer then come to the 
burnt-over area for the mineral products left by the fire and also 
to feed upon the fresh vegetation that quickly springs up. 

Formation of new lands 

Much of the land of Florida has been formed in peculiar ways, 
as indicated below. 

a Beach vines 

Df A8 Morning Glory Vine on Sand Beach. Marco pass. From negative 

in collection of A. W. and JuHan A. Dimock. (1904) 

This and other vines common to sandy beaches in the tropics 
send out long creeping shoots which cover and fix the sand in a 
narrow-meshed net and offer strong resistance to the wind. They 
grow out of the sand again after having been covered by it. Through 
the decay of such vines the establishment of a fertile soil is begun. 

h Mangroves 

Nn Mc4. . . . Mangrove Swamp, ^Showing the Prop Roots of the Mangrove 
(Rhizophora mangle). Marco. From negative in collection of 
A. W. and Juhan A. Dimock. (1904) 

The Mangrove swamp lies along the muddy coast of Florida 
between Cape Sable and Biscayne bay. The mangrove sends out 
adventitious roots, known as " prop " and " aerial " roots. The 
prop roots grow laterally from the trunks and branches, strike the 
ground and send up new trunks. 

Thickets of mangrove are useful in protecting and extending 
the shore line. The strong, elastic framework holds the shore 
against the waves. A tangled mass of stems and roots growing in 



8 

shallow water forms a place of lodgment for mud and driftwood, 
finally resulting in an island, which later is joined to the mainland. 
Many fiats along the coast of Florida have been formed in this 
manner. 

On land above water mangroves grow much larger. Then the 
wood, very hard and durable in water, is valuable for piles; the 
bark is used in tanning. For another picture of the mangrove, see 
Nn Mc2, p. 3, List ii, The Bermudas. 

Call no. 
Nn Mc5. . . . Aerial Roots of the Mangrove. Marco. From negative in collection 
of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (1904) 

Aerial roots grow downward from overhead branches, quickly 
take root in the soil and become stems. They have the appearance 
of poles supporting overladen branches. 

Nn Mc6. . . . Mangrove Seeds and Young Shoots. Marco. From negative in 
collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (June 1904) 

The mangrove seed sends out a slender root several inches or 
a foot long, the large heavy end down. On reaching the ground the 
root becomes attached to the ground, grows, and produces a tree. 
Often the seed falls upon the water and floats or is driven by the 
wind until, in a shallow place, the heavy lower end takes root and 
becomes the nucleus of a mangrove key. 

c Coquina 
For views of Coquina formation, see Df SY and Df SYi, p. 22. 

Fauna 

a Birds 
Duck, Buffle-head {Charitonetta albeola) 

Nu DuE2.. .Nest and Eggs among Twigs in Water. The Everglades. From 
negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (August 
20, 1907) 

Egret, American {Herodias egretta) 

Nu EgA4. . . Young Bird on Twig in Shallow Water. Alligator bay. From negative 
in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (August 8, 1906) 

Heron, Great blue {Ardea herodias) 

NuHeF4...Two Young Birds, a Few Days Old, on Nest. Harneys river. 
From negative in collection of A. W. and JuHan A. Dimock. 
(May 2'j, 1906) 

Nu HeFs. . .Young Bird on Twig among Rocks. Harneys river. From negative, 
in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (May 27, 1906) 

Nu HeF6. . . Adult Bird, Wading in Search for Food. From negative in collection 
of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock 





Heron, Great white {Ardea occidentalis) 
Call no. 
Nu HeG4 . . Young Bird in Water, Wings Extended. From negative in collection 
of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (May 2, 1906) 

Nu HeGs . . Young Bird on Branch. From negative in collection of A. W. 
and Julian A. Dimock 

Heron, Louisiana {Ilydranassa tricolor ruficollis) 

Nu HeN4 . . Two Young Birds on a Small Mangrove Growing in Shallow Water. 
From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 
(May 23, 1906) 

Ibis, White {Guara alba) 
This bird is kno^vn also as the Spanish curlew. 

Nu rWs. . . .Young Bird on Twig. Harneys river. From negative in collection 
of A. W. and JuHan A. Dimock. (May 28, 1906) 

The young bird is grayish brown in color with the rump, base 
of tail and under parts white. 

Nu IW6. . . .Adult Bird on Nest. Harneys river. From negative in collection 
of A. W. and JuKan A. Dimock. (May 31, 1906) 

Pelicans 

Pelican island, a long, narrow, sandy bar, about 3 acres in area, 
separating the Indian river from the ocean 5 or 6 miles below Fort 
Pierce, has been the breeding place of the pelicans of the east coast 
since the Indian river was first explored. The climate is suited to the 
young birds, which are very susceptible to both heat and cold. 

Pelicans are protected in Florida during the nesting season and 
the United States maintains a reservation for them on Pelican 
island. It is estimated that some 7000 pelicans come to this rookery 
at the beginning of the season. 

Pelican, American white {Pelecanus erythrorhynchus) 

Nu Pf A .... Numerous Adult Birds Flying. Photographed by Frank M. 
Chapman. Pelican island. (1898) 

Nu Pf A2 . . . Several Nests with Eggs on Ground near the Shore. Photographed 
by Frank M. Chapman. Pelican island. (March 1898) 

Nu PfA4. . .A Drove of Young Birds. Photographed by Frank M. Chapman. 
Pelican island. (1898) 

Nu PfA6. . .Single Adult on Mangrove Root. From negative in collection of 
A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. Sand Fly pass. (July 31, 1906) 

Nu PfAy ... Three Adults on Beach. From negative in collection of A. W. 
and JuHan A. Dimock. Sand Fly pass. (August i, 1906) 

Pelican, brown {Pelecanus fuscus) 

Nu PfB .... Large Flock of Young Birds on Water. Photographed by Frank M. 
Chapman. Off Pehcan island. (March 13, 1898) 

Nu PfB4 ... Several Young Birds in Nest and on Tree. Photographed by 
Frank M. Chapman. Pelican island. (March 13, 1898) 



Call no, 
Nu PfBy. . .Several Birds Perched on End of Pier and on Piles, Waiting for 
Small Fish to Be Thrown Out by Fishermen. Indian river near 
Titusville. (1912) 

Snakebird, or Water turkey {Anhinga anhinga) 

Nu Sm4. ...Two Young Birds in Nest. Harneys river. From negative in 
collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (May 2j, 1906) 

h Fish 

The waters of Florida contain about 600 varieties of fish; many- 
species are not common to both the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The 
chief commercial fish are Spanish mackerel, shad, mullet, trout, 
pompano, sheepshead and redsnappers. Tarpon and kingfish are 
plentiful at certain seasons, but are caught more in sport than for 
food. 

Ladyfish (Albula vulpes) 

Ns Ld4 .... Ladyfish on Line Leaping in Air. Charlotte harbor. From negative 
in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (July 1905) 

The ladyfish, or skipjack, is a fish of graceful proportions, reaching 
a length of about 3 feet. It is found usually in swiftly flowing 
water. On being caught it makes a brave fight for liberty, jumping 
many times high into the air. 

Sawfish {Pristis pedinatus) 

Ns Sd4 Large Fish Being Hauled aboard Skiff; Gifford Pinchot in Small 

Boat. Joe Kemps key. Form negative in collection of A. W. 
and Julian A. Dimock. (September 19 13) 

The sawfish reaches a length of from 10 to 20 feet. It is char- 
acterized b}^ a long, flattened snout with a row of strong " teeth " 
along each edge. It frequents the bays and streams of the Gulf 
coast of Florida, but is found in greatest abundance in the vicinity 
of Cape Sable. It is distinguished by three big fins which appear 
above the surface of the water. It is captured usually by being 
harpooned. 

Ns Sd5 .... Large Fish on Bow of Cruiser. Cape Sable. From negative in 
collection of A. W. and JuHan A. Dimock. (Alay 1906) 

This specimen measured 15 feet 8 inches in length and weighed 
about 1000 pounds; its saw was 4 feet broad and was provided 
with 52 teeth. 

Shark 

Ns Sh4 .... Gaffing a Shark. Cape Sable. From negative in collection of A. W. 
and Julian A. Dimock. (March 1906) 

Sharks vary greatly in size; the largest known fish (30 to 40 feet 
long) belong to this group. The capture of a shark is apt to be 
a difficult task. 

Tarpon {Tarpon atlanticus) 

The tarpon is a large fish of the herring family, weighing, when 
full grown, from 70 to 180 pounds. It is covered with brilliant, 
silvery scales. Its splendid fight for life makes the tarpon a noted 
game fish. 



On the Gulf coast of Florida the tarpon season is from March 
to November; it begins about three weeks earlier on the east coast. 
At Charlotte harbor and Indian river inlet tarpon are found in 
large quantities. 

Call no. 
Ns Tc4 .... Tarpon Jumping near Skiff. Turners river. From negative in 
collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (September 1908) 

Ns TC43.. . .Tarpon Jumping High in Air above Skiff. In Bocagrande pass. 
From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 
(Jiily 1908) 

The tarpon may make as many as 20 such leaps before giving up 
its fight for liberty. 

Ns TC46. ... Tarpon Jumping; Nearly Out of Water. Caloosahatchee river. 
From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 
(August 1908) 

Ns Tc5 Tarpon Jumping; Body Bent. Chatham river. From negative in 

collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (August 1908) 

The tarpon's body often curves gracefully, high in the air, while 
its brill ant scales reflect the sunlight. 

Ns TC54. . . . Tarpon Diving into Water. Caloosahatchee river. From negative 
in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (August 1908) 

c Insects 

Bees {Apis mellifica) 

The Big Cypress swamp and other unfrequented forest regions, 
where tropical wild flowers grow in profusion, furnish a home for 
countless swarms of wild honey-bees. The hive is often a hollow 
high up in a cypress tree. 

Df X8 Bees and Honey-filled Comb in Hollow of Felled Cypress. Hender- 
son creek. From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. 
Dimock. (1905) 

Fifty pounds of honey in overlapping rows of comb were taken 
from this hollow. 

d Mammals 

Dolphin {Delphinus delpliis) 

The dolphin is a kind of porpoise, of a grayish color and about 
7 feet long. It has a small head, a long, beaklike snout, and a 
short tail. It has playful habits, popping out of the water as it 
swims and tossing little fish into the air and jumping to catch them 
in its mouth. 

Dolphins swim in schools. They follow and dodge about vessels 
along the shores of southern Florida. To pursue them is considered 
excellent sport. 

Nv D06 .... Dolphin Gaffed and Pulled to Side of Skiff. Off Cape Sable. From 
negative in collection of A, W. and Juhan A. Dimock. (1906) 



12 

Manatee (Trichechus manatus) 

The manatee, or sea-cow, is found in the rivers and along the 
coasts of southern Florida. It is lo to 12 feet long, of a brownish 
black color, with a small head, flippers, and a broad, rounded tail. 
It feeds on marine grasses and plants and comes to the surface 
of the water every two or three minutes to breathe. The manatee 
is protected by law. 

Call no. 

Nv Mc6 Manatee in Water with Head Held above Surface. Lossmans river. 

From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 
(1906) 

Gopher 
Nv G09. . . .Several Gopher Mounds; Pine Trees. Gainesville. (About 1900) 
The gopher is a burrowing rodent. Gophers dig extensive burrows 
which they open at intervals for a place of exit and for disposal 
of earth. A mound formed at such an outlet often contains a half 
bushel or more of earth. Gophers feed largely on vegetation and are 
a pest to the farmer. Compare with the woodchuck. 

Raccoon {Procyon lator) 

The raccoon is a foot or more long and grayish in color, with 
white facial markings and a bushy tail. It chmbs into trees and 
prowls over the ground, chiefly by night, in search of prey. A hollow 
in a tree or log is its favorite home. It has amusing habits and 
often is kept as a pet. 

Nv Re Raccoon in Forked Branch of Tree. Marco. From negative in 

collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (1905) 

e Reptiles 
Alligator {Alligator mississippiensis) 

The alHgator is an amphibian, Hving in fresh or brackish 
water and along the marshy banks of unfrequented streams and 
pools. It grows to a length of about 12 or 13 feet and sometimes 
lives to an age of 100 years. Its nest is built on the marshy bank, 
of sticks, leaves and muck. The eggs are hatched by the sun and 
by the heat produced by the decomposition of the vegetation of the 
swamp. Its food is principally fish, snakes, birds and turtles. 

The alHgator is wary; on the approach of danger it seeks refuge 
in the water or in its deep underground burrow. Alligator hunting 
is exciting sport. To capture one alive usually means cornering it 
in its cave, dragging it into the open and binding it with rope. Fire- 
hunting is a deadly method. The hunter paddles by night with 
a bullseye lantern on his hat. The saurian becomes fascinated by 
the glare, which the hunter sees reflected from its eyes. 

It is estimated that about 3,000,000 alHgators were killed in 
Florida from 1880 to 1900 and it is beHeved that the species may 
become extinct. 

Of what commercial importance is the alligator ? 



13 

Call no. 

Nt Ak4 Alligator Sliding o(T Bank. Madeira hammock. From negative in 

collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (1906) 

Alligators bask in the sun on the banks, head toward the water 
ready to slide. One familiar with its habits can recognize the alli- 
gator's sliding places. 

Nt Ak43.. . .Man Wading Stream with Young Alligator in Hand. Broad river. 
From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 
(April 1906) 

Baby alligators are hatched on the bank near the entrance to their 
mother's burrow. They usually must shift for themselves and 
need to be watchful lest they be eaten by their own parents. 

Nt Ak5 Alligator Walking on Beach, Cape Romano. From negative in 

collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (1907) 

The long tail is an aid in walking and swimming and a powerful 
weapon of offense and defense. 

Nt Ak54. ... Alligator and Young on Bank near Water E)dge. Broad river. 
From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 
(April 1906) 

Nt Ak6 Alligator Tied g.t Side of Skiff. Broad bay. From negative in 

collection of A. W. and JuHan A. Dimock. (1906) 

Nt Ak64.. . .Taking Alligator into Skiff. The Everglades. From negative in col- 
lection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (1906) 

Such saw grass canals of the Everglades are favorite alHgator 
haunts. 

Nt Ak7 .... Head of a Large AlHgator Showing Open Jaws. Lossmans key. 
From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 
(1906) 

The fourth tooth of the lower jaw is enlarged and fits into a pit, 
or hole, within the upper jaw. This structure of the upper jaw 
is a characteristic by which the alligator may be distinguished 
from the crocodile. See Nt Cry and note, p. 14. 

Nt Ak72.. . .Head of Alligator, Near View of Under Jaw. Lossmans river. 
From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 
(1906) 

Crocodile {Crocodilus americanus) 

The crocodile is blackish to gray in color. Its snout is longer 
and narrower than that of the alligator and its body less broad in 
proportion to its length. The eggs are laid in a hole in the sand 
and hatched by the heat of the sun. 

The crocodile is found in tropical Africa, Asia, Australia and 
America. The Florida crocodile, which is smaller than those of 
some other countries, reaches a length of about 1 4 feet. The crocodile 
of the Nile is well known. For near view of monster crocodile 
with open mouth, see Bi Cg8, p. 7, List 34, India and Ceylon. 



14 

The crocodile and the alHgator are enemies and fight on meeting. 
The inaccessibiHty of its haunts makes the capture of a crocodile 
difficult; the methods are in general the same as those employed 
in alligator hunting. The Florida crocodile is nearly extinct. It is 
now confined to a narrow strip along the southern extremit}^ of 
the peninsula. 

Call no. 

Nt Crs Crocodile Being Taken aboard a Skiff. Madeira hammock. From 

negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (1906) 

Nt Cr53 .... Crocodile Swimming. Florida bay. From negative in collection 
of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (1906) 

Nt Cry Head of Large Crocodile with Jaws Closed. Madeira hammock. 

From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 
(1905) 
The enlarged fourth tooth of the lower jaw shuts into a marginal 

notch in the upper jaw. Compare with the alligator; see Nt Aky 

and note, p. 13. 

Turtle 
Df X84 .... Great Green Turtles Used for Food. Key West 

These turtles often weigh several hundred pounds each. They 
are caught in nets and marketed on the dock. 

Flora 

The flora of northern Florida comprises the spec"es characteristic 
of southeastern North America, while the trop cal climate of the 
southern part of the state is favorable to many varieties of vegetation 
found in the West Indies. 

About half the state, chiefly in the northern part, is still covered 
by forests, including about half the varieties of forest trees of the 
United States. Yellow pine grows most extensively, except in the 
marshes near the coast where cypress thrives. Palmettoes, live 
oaks, citrus and many other subtropical species prevail in the eastern 
and southern sections of the state. 

Florida is called the Land of Flowers. The wild flowers are of 
remarkable beauty and variety, and hundreds of tropical plants not 
common to other parts of the United States grow profusely in the 
warmer sections of this state. In many of the swamp lands along 
the southern coast there are dense tropical jungles. 

Df Xg " Bonnets " Choking the Head of Harneys River. From negative 

in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (February 1906) 

The heads of the watercourses leading from the Everglades are 
choked with such " bonnets," a species of yellow pond lily; known 
also as spatter dock. 

Df X92 A Blanket of Water Hyacinths (Eichhornia speciosa). Marco. 

From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 

(May 1907) 
The water hyacinth with its deep green leaves and various colored, 
orchidlike blossoms borders many of the rivers and completely 



15 

covers the waters of many of he cres'cs of Florida. It interferes 
with navigation in many of the rivers. 

Call no. 

Df X93 Within a Cypress Swamp; Orchids Growing on the Trunks of 

Cypress Trees. Near Miami. (19 12) 

The orchid, of which there are more than 400 genera, grows most 
abundantly in tropical countries; it is both terrestrial and epiphytic, 
and is a highly developed plant with conspicuous, beautifully colored 
blossoms. 

Df X94 Orchid with Bright Red Blossom, Growing on Trunk of Cypress 

Tree. In cypress swamp near Miami. (1912) 

Nm Cey. ... Small Century Plant {Agave americana) in Blossom; Palmetto 
(at right). Tampa. (19 14) 

This is the most familiar species of the century plant, formerly 
supposed not to flower until a century old. It is widely cultivated 
for decorative purposes. See also Nm Ce 6, p. 3, List 11, The Ber- 
mudas, for century plant in blossom; and Em Y45, p. 15, List 30, 
Mexico, for pulque gatherer and the century plant. 

NmSd7. ...A Screw Pine (Pandanus lUilis) in Fruit. In grounds of Royal 
Palm hotel, Miami, (1914) 

The branches are terminated by recurved, spirally arranged 
leaves, furnishing a useful fiber. The slender trunk is supported 
on prop roots. The fruit is sometimes eaten. 

Nm Sp5. . . .Clump of Spanish Bayonet. Sanford. (1914) 

These plants are characterized by their rigid spine-tipped leaves, 
called bayonets. They grow slowly and the wood is spongy, tough 
and fibrous. See also Nm Sp6, p. 3, List 11, The Bermudas. 

Df X95 Fan Leaf Palm. Palm Beach. (1914) 

Df X96 Young Palmettoes on Sand Beach. Marco. From negative in 

collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock 

Df X97 Resurrection Ferns Growing on Branch of Tree — Dry Season. 

(About 1900) 

Df X98 Resurrection Ferns Growing on Branch of Tree — Wet Season. 

(About 1900) 
The vegetation shown consists of parasitic plants. The same 
branch is shown here and in Df X97. The fern, when dry, closes 
up, but it revives and expands again when moistened. 

Df X99 Live Oaks Draped with Spanish Moss, Palmettoes and Other Vege- 
tation along Stretch of Road. Fifteen miles south of Daytona. 
(1912) 

Other pictures illustrating flora : 

Cypress trees draped with Spanish moss, Df A15, p. 5 

Gardens, hotel, Df SH, and Df SI, p. 21, and Df TH, p. 22 

Live oaks draped with Spanish moss, Df JZ, p. 17, and Df OrC, p. 19 



Mangrove swamp, roots and seeds, Nn Mc4, p. 7 and Nn Mc5 and Nn Mc6, 
p. 8 

Palmetto scrub, Df A5, p. 7 and Df X28, p. 24 

Palmettoes, Nm Ce7, p. 15, Df In3 and Df JG, below, Df JC2, p. 17, Df SD, 
p. 20, Df TP, p. 22 and Df SC6, p. 21 

Palms: date, Df TH, p. 22; royal, Df M7, p. 18 

Saw grass, Df A3 and Df A34, p. 6 

Vegetation along the Ocklawaha river, Df 603, p. 18 

Plants and trees under commercial products, tmck gardening and the turpen- 
tine industry, p. 25-30 

Biscayne bay 

Call no. 

Df Bi7 Typical Bungalow among Coconut Palms. On shore of Biscayne 

bay. (1912) 

Duval 

See II titles on the turpentine industry, p. 30. 

Indian river 

The Indian river is a series of long, shallow sounds parallel to the 
shore and separated from the ocean b}^ narrow strips of land broken 
by inlets from 50 yards to 6 miles wide. Small boats pass through 
this protected channel picking up articles of commerce on the way. 

Df Ini .... Indian River and Pineapple Plantation, Men Gathering Pineapples. 
(June 1906) 

Df In3 Thick Growth of Palmettoes along the Shore. (1912) 

Jacksonville and vicinity 

Jacksonville is the chief commercial city of Florida and the south 
Atlantic coast, a deep-water port on the Sf Johns river 22 miles 
Irom its mouth. The place was nearly destroyed by fire in 1901, 
but is now a well-built, flourishing city, the gateway of Florida. 

Df JA Sky Line of Business Section. From across the St Johns river. 

(1914) 

Df JC Laura Street, Well Paved and Lined with Business Buildings. 

(1914) 

Df JG Court House of Duval County; Palmetto Palms. (1914) 

Df JC8 Street in Negro Section, Unpaved and Sandy. (1914) 

This view and the next one are typical of the negro quarter of 
the city. 

Df JCg Several vSmall, One-story, Unpainted Houses in Negro Quarter. 

(1914) 

Df JC3 . . . .Riverside Avenue, a Rich Residential Street. (1914) 

This avenue stretches along the river above the business part 
of the city. It has attractive houses surrounded by beautiful shade 
trees and extensive grounds. 



17 

Call no. 

Df JR A Typical Residence (colonial style). Riverside avenue. (1914) 

Compare this view with those of negro quarters. 

Df JC2. . . .Palmettoes in Parking through Middle of Main Street. (1914) 

Df JY Train Load of Pine Logs. Cummer's mill. (1914) 

Df JY2 Large Saw Mill; Logs Floating in the Water. Cummer's mill. 

(1914) 
The value of Florida's lumber and timber product in 19 10 was 
estimated at about $21,000,000. 

Df JY3 Lumber Dock along the River. (1914) 

Excellent transportation facilities. 

For views of the phosphate industry, see Df Y4, Df Y42 and 
Df Y46, p. 27. 

Df JZ Ostriches {Struthio camelus) Eating Grain from Trough; Spanish 

Moss Hanging from Live Oak Tree, 6strich farm, near Jackson- 
ville. (1914) 

Ostrich farming does not reach the proportions of an important 
industry in Florida. Tourists usually take the excursion to the 

" farm." 

Df JZ2 Male Ostrich Guarding the Nest while Females Are Away. Ostrich 

farm, near Jacksonville. (1914) 

Ostriches usually live in companies of one male and three or 
four females, the eggs being laid in one nest. At night the incu- 
bating is done by the male, surrounded by the female ostriches. 
In the daytime they take turns or leave the eggs exposed to the 
sun. In captivity, the habits of the ostrich change considerably. 

Key West 

Key West, the " Island City," is now a thriving commercial 
port. Its population is about 25,000. It has grown rapidly since 
the estab'ishment of the cigar industry in 1868. Because of its 
nearness to the West Indies and its position directly in the path 
of the Panama canal steamers, its importance as a gateway of the 
United States is likely to increase. 

Although the city lacks many features which make other cities 
of Florida attractive, the hea'thfulness of its climate, its unique 
tropical flora and its commercial activity make it of interest to 
the tourist. 

Df K3 A Street in the Negro Section. (1914) 

Df K6 Pumping Water into a Tank to Supply a House for General Pur- 
poses. (19 14) 
The necessity for such tanks grows out of the levelness of the 
coimtry. There is no opportunity for reservoirs on natural eleva- 
tions. Key West has no public water supply_^and no sewerage 
system. 



i8 

Call no. 

Df K7 Government Coaling Station. (1914) 

The government has an important naval station at Key West, 
a reservation of 60 acres. The faciHties for coaHng vessels are 
excellent. This town was o' considerable importance a^ a naval 
base during the Spanish-American war. 

Df K8 Coaling a Vessel at the Government Station. (19 14) 

Df Kg Fishermen's Boats Tied to Dock. (1914) 

Kingfish, pompano and Spanish mackerel are the leading commer- 
cial fish of these waters. 

See views relative to sponge fishing, p. 28; also Df Y82, Df Y87 
and Df Y88, p. 29 relating to the tobacco industry. 

Miami 

Miami has an ideal location on Biscayne bay at the mouth of the 
Miami river. It is called the Magic City because of its phenom- 
enal growth on the completion of the East Coa:t Railway in 1896. 

Its numerous points of interest, handsomely appointed hotels, 
at ractive villas, wealth of vegetation, historical association, streets 
of coralline rock, fishing, boating, and the excellent climate, make 
Miami one of America's most attractive \vinter resorts. 

Df M3 The White Temple, a Complete Modern Church Plant. (19 14) 

This church has an auditorium, roof garden, gymnasium, kitchen, 
dining room, social hall and stage. It is a good example of an 
" institutional church." 

Df M7 Avenue of Royal Palms {Roystonea regia). Musa isle, Miami river. 

(1914) 
The royal palm is a large and handsome tree. It is commonly 
found in the West Indies and other tropical regions, and in the 
United States is confined to the southern part of Florida. It grows 
to a height of 60 to 80 feet. The trunk is covered with a light grayish 
bark. Note the broadened base. In the towns and cities of southern 
Florida the royal palm is much planted for ornament. For avenue of 
royal palms in Calcutta, see Bi CY8, p. 6, List 34, India and Ceylon. 

Df M8 Mouth of the Miami River; Coconut Palms, Boats. (1914) 

Df M9 Halcyon Hall. (1914) 

One of the large hotels of Miami, an attractive building of native 
rock. 

For view of a screw pine in grounds of Royal Palm hotel, see 
Nm Sdy, p. 15. 

Ocklawaha river 

Df Oc3 Steamer Okeehumkee on the Ocklawaha River; Dense Growth of 

Vegetation. (About 1900) 
This steamer plies between Palatka and Silver Springs, a distance 
of 135 miles. It is specially constructed for making short turns and 



19 

passing through narrow places. Note the stem paddle wheel. Much 
of the way the river flows through a great cypress swamp, many of 
the trees being moss draped. Many interesting birds and water 
animals are to be seen. The Ocklawaha " trip " is one of those 
commonly taken by the Florida tourist. 

Okeechobee, Lake 

Call no. 

Df Ok Shore of Lake Okeechobee; Ripple Marks. (1914) 

Lake Okeechobee covers an area of about 800 square miles and has 
a mean elevation of 2o| feet above sea level. It is the largest of the 
thousands of shallow, fresh-water lakes of Florida. These lakes, 
lying in depressions in the limestone, are fed by springs and under- 
ground rivers. 

Orlando 

Orlando is a thriving city, beautifvilly located in the lake region 
in a rich fruit-growing and farming district. It is the county seat 
of Orange county, where the citi*us industry chiefly flourishes. 

Df OrC . . . .A Characteristic Residential Street, Bordered with Live Oak Trees, 
Spanish Moss Hanging from Branches. (19 14) 

See Df Y38, p. 27, for view within a packing house of citrus fruits. 

Ormond 

Df Os4 Automobile on Beach Drive; Waves Breaking along Shore. Ormond 

beach. (1912) 

This drive of hard-packed, gray sand extends from a few miles 
north of Ormond southward to Mosquito inlet, along the narrow 
peninsula separating the Halifax river from the ocean. It is a famous 
automobile race course. 

Palatka 

Df P3 Street Scene: Sandy Road, Hens in Street, Barber Shop (at left). 

(1914) 
Palatka is a railroad center and a comparatively large town for 
Florida (population 3,779 in 1911). Parts of the town have paved 
streets, electric lights and wholesome water, but this view is char- 
acteristic of much of the place. Palatka is the northern limit of 
the orange industry, the Hart grove being one of the largest in the 
state. 

Palm Beach 

This is the most famous of Florida resorts. The place is on a key 
between Lake Worth and the ocean. It consists of hotels and 
pleasure grounds. People from all over the world come here. 

Df Pc2 Royal Poinciana Hotel. (19 14) 

The building is 1000 feet long, 6 stories high and accommodates 
2000 guests. This hotel is on Lake Worth. The trees are coconut 
palms: 



20 

Call no. 

Df Pc3 " The Breakers," Ocean Side, Looking North; Cottages Beyond. 

(1914) 

Df Pc5 "Whitehall," the Residence of H. M. Flagler; Coconut Palms. 

Palm Beach. (1912) 

Built in the colonial style and surrounded by beautiful gardens. 
Much of the development of the east coast of Florida has been brought 
about through the nfluence and activity of Mr Flagler. 

Df Pc6 Crowd on the Sand Watching Bathers. (1914) 

The ojjportunity for surf bathing is one of the chief attractions of 
the Florida winter resorts. 

Df Pc7 A Few Bathers in the Surf in Front of "The Breakers'." (1914) 

See also Nn PaC4 p. 25, for coconut palm and Df X95 p. 15, 
for fan leaf palm at Palm Beach. 

St Augustine and vicinity 

St Augustine is the oldest city in the United States. It is the 
chief " show" place of Florida. It has many points of interest: 
the north gate and part of the old de ending wall, Fort Marion, 
beds of coquina, quaint and narrow streets, plaza, and Spanish archi- 
tecture shown in its fine hotels and churches. 

Df SD Plaza de la Constitucion and Constitution Monument; a Palmetto. 

(1914) 
The plaza takes its name from the stucco-covered, coquina monu- 
ment, erected in 18 13 to commemorate the granting of the Spanish 
liberal constitution in 181 2. It bears inscriptions in Spanish. 

JA LS2 . . . .Old City Gate and St George Street. (191 1) 

This gate and a small fragment of wall on either side are all that 
are left of the defending wall that once surrounded the city. Date 
not certain, probably the middle of the eighteenth century. 

JA LS5 .... General View of Fort Marion, Showing Its Position in Relation to 
the Sea. (191 1) 
A well-preserved example of the military construction of the 
eighteenth century; completed about 1756, having been nearly a 
century in building. 

JA LS78 . . . General View of Interior of Fort Marion Northeast from Terre- 
plein, Showing Doors and Windows of Rooms for a Garrison. 
(1914) 
An example of the rampant arch, one abutment higher than the 
other. 

JA LS8. . . .Southeast Corner of Fort Marion, from Within, Showing Stairway 
for Moving Artillery to the Terreplein. (191 1) 

JA LS68 Southern Wall and Moat of Fort Marion; Entrance. (1914) 

The fort was entered on this side by a barbican between two draw- 
bridges. The width of the moat is 40 feet. 



21 

Call no. 
JA LS62.. . .Near View of Entrance to Fort Marion, Showing Spanish Coat of 
Arms. (191 1 ) 

JA LS72. . . . North Wall and Moat of Fort Marion; Large Watch Tower. (1914) 

DfSM "The Old Spanish Market." (1911) 

Originally built in 1840; restored after a fire in 1887; not Spanish 
and never a slave market. Formerly used as an ordinary public 
market, now a pleasant resting place. 

Df SC St George Street, Lined with Curio Shops. (1914) 

St George is the main street. This quarter still retains many 
of the characteristics of the old city. 

Df SC3 A Characteristic Narrow Street (Hospital street) Showing a Very 

Old Stone House. ( 1 9 1 1 ) 

Df SC4 Charlotte Street; Paved, but Lined with Old Buildings. (1914) 

Note the overhanging balconies, a feature of many of the old houses. 

Df SC6 Rows of Cabbage Palmettocs {Sahal palmetto) Bordering a Paved 

Street; Residences. (19 14) 

The cabbage palmetto is quite commonly found near the coasts 
of Florida. It attains a height of about 50 feet. 

Df SO "The Oldest House." (1914) 

More than one house in the city claims this distinction. This one 
was in possession of the one family from 1590 to 1882; now restored 
and contains a "musetmi." 

Df SH Hotel Ponce de Leon and Gardens. (19 14) 

Designed by Carrere and Hastings 

Spanish renaissance in style, 380 by 520 feet surrounding a court, 
built of concrete; effective in color scheme. 

Df SH2 . . .'.Entrance to Hotel Ponce de Leon. (1911) 

Df SH3 . . . .Near View of Entrance to Hotel Ponce de Leon. (1914) 

Df SH4 Within the Court of the Hotel Ponce de Leon. (1914) 

Df SI Hotel Alcazar and Gardens, Front View. (19 14) 

Situated opposite the Ponce de Leon and similar in style. 

Df SIi Hotel Alcazar, Oblique View of Front. (1914) 

JA LS4 Old Roman Catholic (Spanish) Cathedral. From negative in Me- 

serve collection, New York. (Before 1887) 

Df SF The Roman Catholic Cathedral. (19 14) 

From designs by Carrere and Hastings 

The building retains in the fagade the design of the older church 
(JA LS4), begun early in the eighteenth century and destroyed by 
fire in 1887. The tower, on the left, is an additional feature of the 
later building. 

Df SF4 Presbyterian Memorial Church. (1914) 

Designed in the Spanish style by Carrere and Hastings 



I 



Call no. 
Df SY Bank of Coquina Formation. Anastasia island. (1914) 

Coquina is a whitish, fragile rock, composed of shells, shell frag- 
ments and lime deposits, cemented by alternate moistening and 
drying through wave and tide action. It is soft when first quarried, 
but hardens on exposure to the air. It is found at several places 
along the Florida coast and is an interesting and characteristic local 
building material. Note the arrangement in layers. 

The quarries on Anastasia island, opened some 200 years ago, 
furnished building stone for the construction of Fort Marion and the 
old city of St Augustine. Coquina concrete is used for the newer 
buildings. 

Df SYi Coquina Quarry, Detail Showing Composition. Anastasia island. 

(1914) 

Sanford 

See views on celery, p. 30; also Nm Sp5, p. 15, for clump of Span- 
ish bayonets. 

Tampa 

Second city of Florida in size and importance. Its growth has 
been rapid during the last 20 years. The causes of this gro\\1:h 
are the Spanish- American War, establishment of cigar factories, 
discovery of phosphate beds nearby, opening of saw mills, agricul- 
tural developments of the surrounding country and opportunities 
for hunting and fishing. 

Df TA Panorama of the City: Business Buildings, Public Square and Sacred 

Heart Church. (1914) 

Df TF Sacred Heart Church, Fagade and Left Transept. (1914) 

Df TH Tampa Bay Hotel, Moorish Towers and Part of Gardens, Large 

Date Palm {Phoenix dactylifera) (at right). Other Varieties of 
Palms. (19 1 4) 

Erected at a cost of over $3,000,000; surrounded by a superb botan- 
ical garden. For another picture of date palms, see Ew SD, p. 3, 
List II, The Bermudas. 

Df TP Post Office Building; Dome of Sacred Heart Church; Palmettoes. 

(1914) 

For views relating to the tobacco industry, see Df Y8, Df Y83, and 
Df Y86, p. 29. 

For view of small century plant in blossom, see Nm Cey, p. 15. 

People 

The population of Florida in 19 10 was 751,139; about 43 per cent 
were colored, including 479 Chinese, Japanese and Indians. The 
resident population is increased in the winter, particularly in the 
cities and towns, by thousands of tourists from other states. 



23 

Its many natural advantages are bringing to the state settlers 
from all sections of the United States and people from other countries. 

a Negroes 

For homes of negroes, see Df JC8 and Df JCg, p. i6 and Df K3, 
p. 17. 

b Seminoles 

The Seminoles, runaways from the Georgia Creeks, settled in 
Florida early in the eighteenth century. Outrages perpetrated by 
both the Indians and the white settlers resulted in the Seminole 
wars, costing the United States thousands of lives and millions 
of dollars. The Indians were defeated in 1841 and all but a few 
hundred removed to Indian Territory. 

Osceola and Coacooch'e were the most famous Seminole chiefs. 
Both were confined in Fort Marion, the former dying in captivity 
and the latter escaping by dropping from a high window into the 
moat. 

The remaining Seminoles, between 300 and 400 in number, live 
in the Everglade region. A few of each band speak English, but 
the men mostly employ in trading a jargon of Spanish, English and 
Seminole. They are the only guides skilled in treading the way 
through the Everglades. Their camps are on islands where they 
raise scanty crops of Indian com, pumpkins and squashes. 

The Seminoles are frequent visitors at Fort Pierce, West Palm 
Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami and other towns, where they offer 
for sale and exchange their handiwork and alligator, deer and other 
skins. 

It is likely that the draining and settling of the Everglade country 
will mark the last epoch in the history of the Florida Seminoles. 

Call no. 

Df X2 New River Indian Camp; Palmetto-thatched Lodges, Cook House; 

Pine Trees. (1909) 

The lodges are built around a rectangular space in the center 
of which is the cook house. The house is usually about 12 by 15 
feet, of cypress logs, with a roof of palmetto. Within are platforms 
for sitting or reclining. 

Note the arrangement of the logs on the ground in the cook house 
(toward the right of the picture), like the spokes of a wheel. The 
fire is lighted at the center, or hub, and as the logs bum the ends 
are pushed toward the blaze. 

Df X22 Seminole Indian, "Willie Frank," and Indian Child in Canoe. New 

river. (1909) 

Df X24 Seminole Indian (man) with Mortar and Pestle; Coffee Mill on 

Block. The Everglades. From negative in collection of A. W. 
and Juhan A. Dimock. (1907) 

Com is dried, pounded into meal, sifted through the meshes of 
a basket, tossed into the air to remove the chaff and boiled in 
water to make ** sofki." Sofki is sometimes fermented; it is made 



24 

also from parched com, this being the most palatable of the common 
varieties. Most of the pounding of the com is done by the squaws. 
The coffee mill and the mortar and pestle present an interesting 
comparison. 

Call no. 

Df X26 Seminole Girl near Cook House Eating Sofki. The Everglades. From 

negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (1907) 

The Seminole ladle, or spoon, holds about sufficient sofki to sat- 
isfy an average person. At meal time it is passed from one to another 
and all eat from a common bowl or kettle. 

Df X28 Seminole Grave in a Remote Place; Palmetto Scrub, Pine Trees. 

(1909) 

There are no cemeteries of any considerable size. The corpse is 
laid with the face toward the west. Food, kettles, weapons etc. are 
placed near by and a palmetto thatch is usually raised over the 
grave. A fire is kept beside the corpse for four nights, or until the 
spirit has reached the happy valley. 

Df X3 Three Seminole Maidens in Characteristic Dress; Thatched Lodges 

in Background, The Everglades. From negative in collection of 
A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. (1907) 

Df X32 Seminole Maiden, Head. The Everglades. From negative in col- 
lection of A. W. and JuHan A. Dimock. (1907) 

Note the number of heavy bead necklaces coiled about the throat. 
These often weigh 10 to 15 pounds or more. 

Df X34 Old Seminole Squaw (aged 99 years) . The Everglades. From negative 

in collection of A. W. and JuHan A. Dimock. (1910) 

Df X36 " Billy Bowlegs" and Sisters. (About 1902) 

The full skirt of knee length, the bandana tied about the throat 
and the turban with its band of beaten silver are characteristic of the 
man's costume. The women wear long skirts; sleeves are attached 
to the cape. The bangles are of hammered silver. The dress of the 
children is similar to that of their elders. 



Sports 

Florida is called the Sportman's Paradise. Its temperate climate, 
both summer and winter, is favorable to the enjoyment of out-of- 
door life. 

Surf bathing is popular at the numerous sea beaches (Df Pc6, 
and Df Pc7, p. 20) ; bicycling, wherever there are good roads (DfPc3, 
p. 20); and motoring on the beach drives (Df Os4, p. 19) 

Canoeing is an ideal sport on the inland streams and lakes and the 
waters along the coasts (Df A3, p. 6, Df X92, p. 14, Df X22, p. 23 
and Df X75, p. 25). On the deeper waters are to be found pleasure 
boats in great variety, the rowboat (Df Xg, p. 14 and Df Ok, p. 19) ; 
the fisherman's skiff (Ns TC43, p. 11, Ns Sh4, p. 10, Nv D06, p. 11 



25 

and Nt Cr5, p. 14); the motor boat and the yacht (Df K7 and Df 
M8, p. 18); the cruiser (Ns Sds, p. ic); the house boat (Df X7 
below); and the river steamer (Df OC3, p. 18). 

The variety and abundance of game attracts many visitors and 
makes Florida one of the most popular winter hunting-grounds in 
the United States. (See views under Birds, p. 8-1 c, Mam.mals, 
p. 11-12 and Reptiles, p. 12-14) 

Florida is renowned for both fresh-water and sea fishing. (See 
views under Fish, p. ic-i i) . Because of the numerous lakes and rivers 
and the extent of coast line, hunting and fishing may be combined. 

Call no. 

Df X7 House Boat "Whim Wham" Entering Swash. Marco. From 

negative in collection of A. W. and Juhan A. Dimock. (1905) 

This is a conventional house boat with the appointments of a home, 
propelled by 60 horsepower engines. There are also house boats 
of simple construction, moved about by tugs and often anchored 
for the season in one place. House boat cruising is popular along 
the west coast of Florida. 

Df X75 Canoeing in Surf. Little Gasparilla pass. From negative in col- 
lection of A. W. and JuHan A. Dimock. (1907) 

Commercial products 

a Bananas 

Nm Bc4. . . .Stalk of the Banana Plant {Musa sapientum) with Blossom. The 
Everglades. From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. 
Dimock. (January 1905) 

Florida produces bananas in large quantities. For a picture of 
banana plants in fruit, see Nm Bc8, List 11, The Bermudas. 

h Coconuts 

The coconut palm grows along the coasts of tropical countries. 
Fresh coconuts are shipped in large quantities from southern Florida. 
A full-grown tree may ripen from 80 to 200 nuts a year. Other 
products of the coconut palm are copra, from which oil and oil cake 
are made, fiber etc. 

Nn PaC4. . .A Coconut Palm {Cocos nucifera) in Fruit. Palm Beach. (1914) 

The coconut palm often grows to height of 100 feet; the leaves, 
20 or more in number, are 12 to 15 feet long. It is believed that 
coconut palms originally started in Florida from nuts cast ashore 
from a Spanish vessel " La Providencia " wrecked in 1879. 

Nn PaC6. . .Clusters of Coconuts Growing on the Tree. Palm Beach. (About 
1900) 

For other views of the coconut palm and its products, see List 
34, India and Ceylon 

Sacks of copra loaded on boats in harbor, Bbe CY, p. 32 
Groves of coconut palms, Bbe Y7 and Bbe Y72, p. 35 
Sprouting coconuts, Bbe Y74, p. 35 
Two men husking coconuts, Bbe Y77, p. 36 



26 

c Cotton 

Call no. 

Td Co2 Stalk of the Cotton Plant {Gossypium herhaceiim) with Blossoms. 

Monticello. From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian 
A. Dimock. (July 1905) 

The specimen shown here is wild cotton. The blossom is large 
and creamy white the first day. Cotton, including the "sea-island" 
variety, is grown in Florida principally in the northern and north- 
western counties. The industry is not so extensive as in the other 
southern states. In 19 14 there were 195,000 acres devoted to 
cotton, producing 750,000 bales. 

d Grapefruit 

Raising grapefruit is frequently combined with orange growing. 
It is a remunerative industry. The demand is constantly increasing. 
A heavily laden tree forms a pleasing picture. Grapefruit usually 
grow in large clusters. Compare with the orange. The trees often 
are so loaded that the branches bend to the ground. 

Df Y2 Young Grapefruit Tree in Fruit 

Df Y22 Branch of Grapefruit Tree Bending to the Ground with Fruit. 

(October 19 10) 

Df Y23 Three Grapefruit Hanging at End of Slim Branch, Palm Beach. 

(1914) 

e Oranges 

Previous to 1895 oranges were grown extensively in northern 
Florida. The severe frost of that year and three years later ruined 
extensive groves, impoverished their owners and, in some places, 
reduced the estimated value of orange land from $1000 to about 
$10 an acre. As a result many people have turned their attention 
to other branches of agriculture and orange growing has moved 
farther south along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 

In the northern and exposed sections of Florida orange trees are 
now protected from frost by means of tents, board boxing and orange 
sheds, within which artificial heat is generated. 

About 5,000,000 boxes of oranges were produced in Florida in 
1911. 

For the orange industry in Jaffa, see Bu CA, Bu CB, p. 6, and 
Bu CY, Bu CY2, and Bu CY3, p. 7, List 32, Palestine and Other 
Parts of Syria. 

Df Y3 Orange Trees {Citrus auranlium sinensis) Laden with Fruit. (Jan- 
uary 191 1 ) 

Orange trees begin to bear abundantly when about 10 years old 
and continue bearing often to the age of 50 years. An acre of young, 
bearing trees may be valued at as much as $1000. A grove of 
heavily laden trees is one of the most attractive pictures the South 
offers. 

Df Y33 Harvesting Oranges — a Large Grove. (March 1915) 

Much of the fruit is near the ground and can be picked easily, 
although ladders are used to reach the higher branches. Canvas 



27 

bags or metal cans with hinged bottoms are used, carried by a strap 
over the shoulder. From them the fruit is emptied into crates or 
carriers, which are transported to the packing houses. 

Call no. 

Df Y35 End of Orange Branch Filled with Blossoms in Different Stages 

of Development. (April 19 15) 

The fragrant white blossoms begin to appear in the latter part of 
February and in March. 

Df Y36 Pineapple Oranges Hanging on the Tree. (October 1908) 

Oranges begin to ripen in October and November. They hang 
on the trees all winter unless plucked. It is not uncommon to see ripe 
oranges, green fruit and blossoms on the tree at the same time. 

Df Y38 Within a Packing House of Citrus Fruits: Machinery for Washing 

Oranges; Three Men Guiding and Sorting Fruit. Orlando. (1914) 

The oranges roll down the grooved trough (from foreground 
toward center of picture) ; here they pass through water and, car- 
ried on by revolving belts, pass over rotating brushes. They then 
are dried by currents of heated air in the machine in the background 
and pass on to sorting machinery. 

Df Y39 Within a Packing House of Citrus Fruits: Sorting Machinery, 

Boxes Packed with Oranges. Citrus exchange. (January 191 5) 

The more intelligent and progressive growers exercise much care 
in handling and grading the fruit. The oranges are sometimes 
washed in revolving cylinders mixed with sponges. They are car- 
ried by gravity to the grader's and the packer's tables. Sizing is 
accomplished by forcing the oranges through varisized holes. The 
sorted and sized fruit are wrapped separately in tissue paper, often 
bearing the grower's brand, packed in boxes and transferred to re- 
frigerator cars, kept at proper temperature to their destination. 

/ Phosphate 

Phosphate, both rock and pebble, is the principle mineral of 
Florida. It is found in the central part of the state where the de- 
posits are extensive. Florida's output, valued at over $9,000,000 
in 1 9 13 is more than half that of the whole United States. It is 
used in the manufacture of fertilizers. Tampa and Jacksonville 
are important shipping ports. 

DfY4 Phosphate Elevator and Storage Building. Dutton Phosphate 

Co., Jacksonville. (1914) 

Df Y42 Unloading Rock Phosphate at the Elevator. Dutton Phosphate 

Co., Jacksonville. (1914) 

Df Y46 Crushing Rock Phosphate. Jacksonville. (19 14) 

g Pineapples 

Pineapples constitute one of the leading fruit crops of Florida. 
They are shipped in largest quantities from the district lying from 



28 

Fort Pierce to Palm Beach, but the soil adapted to their cultivation 
extends to the Keys. 

Call no. 
Df Y5 Plantation of Pineapples {Ananas ananas); Fruit Ready for Har- 
vesting. (July 1910) 

Df Y52 Setting Pineapple Plants. (About September 1908) 

Pineapples are planted in July, August and September. They are 
propagated by means of shps and suckers, set out about 20 inches 
apart. About 10,000 pineapples may be grown on an acre. After 
about 20 months of cultivation the fruit is ready for harvesting. It 
is often picked green and ripens during the shipping. When do 
pineapples come into market in New York State ? 

Df Y54 Pineapple Plant in Blossom. Micco. (About 1900) 

For a picture of gathering pineapples on the shore of the Indian 
river, see Df In I, p. 16. 

Df Y58 Pineapples Growing in a Covered Pinery. Micco. (About 1900) 

The finer varieties are grown often in pineries, covered with 
lathes for protection from the sun and frosts. 

h Sponges 

The sponge industry of Key West is extensive. The best varieties 
of sponges for market grow here. Annual sales reach $1,000,000. 

Commercial sponges are the skeletons of marine animals of very 
low organization. The live sponges are cut from the rocks by divers 
or pulled off by hooks. After having been cut they soon die and the 
soft parts rot or dry up. They are then washed and trimmed and 
are ready for market. 

Commercial sponges grow especially abundantly in the Medi- 
terranean and Red seas, in the Atlantic off the Florida reefs and on 
the shores of the Bahama islands. 

Df Y6 Sponge Dock; Sponges, Boats and Sponge Merchant. Key West. 

(1914) 

Df Y63 Two Men Trimming Sponges. Key West. (1914) 

Df Y65 Large Bin of Sponges Drying. Key West. (1914) 

Df Y66 Two Sponges: One as Taken from Water, the Other after Having 

Been Cleaned. Key West. (1914) 

Df Y68 Five Types of Sponges: Velvet, Glove, Wool, Grass, Yellow. Key 

West. (1914) 

i Sugar 

Df Y7 Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinariim) in Tassel. Chatham Bend. 

From negative in collection of A. W. and Julian A. Dimock. 
(January i, 1905) 

Sugar cane thrives particularly along the east coast. The canes 
grow to a height of 8 to 16 feet and are from one to two inches in 
diameter. Sugar is not among the large crops of Florida; more than 
twice as many acres arc devoted to potatoes. It is estimated that 



29 



the drainage of the Everglades wiU make available thousands of 
acres of rich sugar cane lands. For cutting sugar cane, see Fo Y56, 
p. 8, List 36, Australia. 

/ Tobacco 

Tobacco is an increasingly valuable crop in Florida; the state 
does not raise all that is needed by its own factories; 4,300.000 pounds 
were produced in 1914, mostly in the northern part. The lactones 
of Tampa and Key West turn out a large part of the cigars used m 
this country. The value of the manufactured tobacco products ot 
Tampa is about four times that of Key West. at^^v.o 

For pictures of tobacco leaf and drying shed, see Fo Y5 and l^o Y 52 
p. 8, List 36, Australia. 

Df^Ys!'^' . . .Large Cigar Factory; High Water Tank. Ybor City, near Tampa. 
(1914) 

Df Y82 Factory of the Havana-American Cigar Co. Key West. (1914) 

The chief commercial interest of Key West is cigar-making, the an- 
nual output being 150,000,000. 

Df Y83 Modern Cigar Factory. West Tampa. (19 H) 

Df Y86 Mill in Which Cedar Logs Are Cut Up for Cigar Boxes. Tampa. 

Cigar-box, or West Indian, cedar, a common and useful wood, is 
exported from the West Indies to the United States and Europe 
for cigar boxes. 

DfYSr Inspecting and Drying Tobacco in a Large Room. Key West. 

(1914) 

Df Y88. ...Cigar Makers at Work; Man Addressing Them from a Platform. 
Key West. (1914) 
It is a regular practice in the factories of Key West for a person 
to read or speak to the laborers while they are at work. 

Truck gardening 

Since the destruction of the orange groves by fr°f in 1895-98. 
truck gardening has become an extensive and profitable fdustry in 
Flondl The'valley of the St. Johns nver is an important winte 
market earden of northern cities and towns. MiUions ot water 
Selons Ind muskmelons. vast quantities of strawberries celery 
S.rlv tomatoS cabbage cauliflower, cucumbers etc. and tens of 
thousand^ of bushels of early potatoes and sweet potatoes are pro- 
duced yearly. The increased transportation facilities make it pos- 
sible to ship early fruits and vegetables in large quantities to the 
North Atlantic states. 



30 
Celery 

Call no. 

Df Yq Several Rows of Celery in Bleaching Boards. Sanford. (1914) 

The rows are usually about 30 inches apart. Cypress boards 
are used for bleaching. 

Df Y91 Negroes Cutting and Crating Celery in Large Celery Field. San- 
ford. (1914) 

Df Y92 Loading Celery onto Wagons in Large Celery Field. Sanford. 

(March 19 14) 
Sanford is known as the "Celery City." Near the head of nav- 
igation on the St Johns river, it has good transportation faciHties 
by both water and rail. Note the time of the year when these 
pictures were made. 

Df Y93 Loading Celery into Ventilated Refrigerator Cars for Shipment 

North. Sanford. (March 1914) 

The celery raised on one acre may fill three refrigerator cars and 
in February, be worth as much as $1400. 

Turpentine industry 

For bibhography and notes, see List 5, Naval Stores 

Nn PiL2.. . .Forest of Long-leaved, or Yellow, Pine Timber. Duval. 
(1911) 

Ti Gt2 Pine Tree vShowing Old Style Box and New Style Cup; Man in Act 

of Cutting. Duval. (191 1) 

Ti Gt24. . . .Virgin Pine Trees Just after Being Cut. Duval. (191 1) 

Ti Gt3 A Gathering Squad Emptying Filled Cups. Duval. (191 1) 

Ti Gt4 Hauling Crude Turpentine, or Resin, to the Still. Duval. (191O 

Ti Gt45. . . .General View of Turpentine Still. Duval. (191 1) 

Ti Gt5 Rosin Drawn from Still and Passed through Three Strainers. 

Duval. (191 1 ) 

Ti Gt6 Making Barrels for Resin. Duval. ( 1 9 1 1 ) 

Ti Gt65. . . .Dipping Rosin into Barrels at the Still. Duval. (1911) 

Ti Gt7 Transferring Turpentine from Still to Barrel; Settling Tubs. Duval. 

(1911) 

Ti Gt8 Camp Shacks of Workmen. Duval. (191 1) 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 






014 152 572 4 



